Stem Cell Therapy Treatments

February 20, 2018

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant For Aplastic Anaemia

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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Can Free Patients From Hazards of Aplastic Anaemia

Aplastic Anemia is a disorder of bone marrow failure. The therapeutic relief from this disorder depends on the hematopoietic stem cell transplant and Immunosuppressive therapy.

More on to AA, it is a type of blood disorder, occurring from the bone marrow failure. The hypocellular bone marrow and relentless pancytopenia characterize patients with AA. The occurrence of this disease attacks one’s immune system. And as a result, the bone marrow cannot produce marrow cells. Further, it also restricts the production of the blood platelets as well as red and white blood cells.

The prevalence of Aplastic Anemia is high amongst the pediatric children. But, it is not averse to the adults also. However, pediatrics can expect better treatment results with stem cell transplants.

Source- Flickr

Complications of AA

Frequent blood transfusion is common amongst the patients with AA. The process keeps the blood platelet counts in check. Simultaneously, immunosuppressive therapy or IST offers a better relief by curbing the autoimmune responses. And this way, it prevents causing more damage to the blood-producing cells. Patients need to take another drug therapy to avoid infections. They need to prevent contact with the outer world as well to avoid the contamination of the infection. Sometimes, these drugs do not provide any relief, thus patients are more likely to die of infections.

Treatments Options

Immunosuppressive therapy and matched bone marrow transplant offer treatment options. Well, immunosuppressive therapy or drugs are not without any relapse risks. And hence, stem cell transplantation is considered one of the best curative treatment options for the patients with AA. According to reports published online by Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, patients receiving partially matched bone marrow combined with the high doses of chemotherapy are more likely to survive the disease.

Advantages of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants

Transplantation reduces the further complications of Aplastic Anemia.
It reinstates the production of the blood cells and platelets.
The complications of the Graft-Versus-Host-Disease (GVHD) after the transplant are mild.
With immunosuppressive therapy, GVHD complaints can see the exit door.
It completely reduces the necessity of further medications.
Patients can enjoy their normal life as earlier, and participate in their daily activities.
Evidence Validating The Efficacy Of The Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant For AA
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) is the first choice for the clinical experts when immunosuppressive therapy fails to perform.

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And hence, stems from a sibling or matched donor are taken into account for the transplants. However, patients with half donor could also go for the transplants. A study between 2011 and 2016 showed the efficacy of the HSCT using a matched donor, half matched and unrelated matched donor.

Four types of patients received cells depending on the availability of the donors respectively. The patients received drug administration to make their body accept the bone marrow. After it, all the four patients underwent transplants with a half-matched donor, matched donors, and unrelated donor.

A few days after, they received chemotherapy. They stopped the immunosuppressive therapy too after taking it for a year.
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Outcomes Of The Study

Further tests on the patients suggested that there was no need for blood transfusion.

The blood cells, including the platelets, came back to normal.

No fresh requirement of medications was noticed after the discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy.

The rate of GVHD was less than normal as well. Only a few received the after-effects of the stem cell transplants.

The further IST ensured to reduce the GVHD complaints after a few months.

Future Hopes

Source- Flickr

The shortage of matched donors can no longer be a hurdle in the way of transplants. For patients having half-matched donors or unrelated donors, HSCT is possible using chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide. The drug is effective in destroying the diseased blood cells and producing new blood cells.

The bone marrow transplants are costly, though, they are most effective treatment options using a full or half-matched donor.

They are indeed life-saving, at the same time, they reduce the additional expenses entailing to IST, blood transfusion, and hospitalizations.

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells To Serve As Cancer Vaccines

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Apply Grants February 17, 2018 0

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Are Ideal To Serve As Cancer Vaccines

Pluripotent Stem Cells: Regenerative medicines are keystones to regrow, repair and replace damaged tissues and cells. The efficacy of the regenerative medical process using stem cells is not hidden to anyone. It has been in use for tissue engineering and self-renewal of cells for long in the medical realm.

The significance of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Amongst different cell types, autologous or induced pluripotent stem cells are the key elements for re-engineering new cells or tissues. It is easier to instill a mutation technique in the iPSC. And hence, it can differentiate itself in many cell types to repair damaged tissues or cells affected by disease or trauma.

The scientist at the Stanford University School of Medicine has discovered another use of iPSC. With an improved immune system using iPSC, it can attack or prevent the development of cancer.

Largest possibilities from the iPSC

The discovery of the new evolution of induced pluripotent stem cells may result in the development of vaccines for cancers. The proposed vaccines are averse to the different types of cancers too. This new technique with the self iPSC of individuals can result in an immediate identification of the disease beforehand. Hence, the possibility of disease prevention is much easier.

The study reveals that if mice get vaccinations with induced pluripotent stem cells beforehand for their immune systems, they can recognize cancer cells, and restrict their effects. Based on this revelation, a new vaccine may be in the pipeline to cure cancers from the root.

Brainstorm Of The Research

The functions of the cancer cells are as similar as those embryos. Genes generally face restriction for growth after the birth. And embryos aid in the revival of these cells during the pregnancy period. To make their technique work, the scientists required the mice recognize this phase in their body. They were to make their immune system boosted. So, they collected skin or blood cells from the mice and transfused them with iPSCs. They acted the way cells act in the fetus. The iPSCs and the cancer cells share a similarity for carrying the same protein type on their surface.

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How Induced Pluripotent stem cells killed tumors

The first target of the research was to inactivate the stem cells of the mice with radiation. And hence, the development of the cells in the mice saw prevention. After it, the mice received an injection combined with a substance, activating the immune system to function. Each of the mice received injections every week for a month. After this, they received implants of different cancer forms. These tumors saw a rapid growth in the mice without any treatment with the dead stem cells. However, all the mice with iPSC injections were able to defy all the ill-effects of cancers. The tumors gradually became smaller in size as well. Simultaneously, many mice with breast cancer symptoms improved their conditions, while others resisted the further provocation of the skin cancer too.

How iPSC works

The mature cells build the body’s tissues. The iPS cells grow without any restrictions in the mature cells. They are viable as well to act as anti-cancer vaccines and recognize immature progenitor cells. Injections with iPS cells having resemblances with recipients’ cells intensify the functions of the immune system. The genetically modified cells are incapable of replicating, so the immune system recognizes a variety of cancer types. Hence, it proves that an immunized living mechanism with matched iPS cells can prevent the growth of cancer cells or tumors.

To restrict the tumor growth in humans, the replication of the stem cell must be paused. And so, these cells could serve us a purpose to develop cancer vaccines for true patients. At the same time, pluripotent stem cells have immunogenic components to be used as the best immune response against the cancer cells.

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Stem Cells Raising Hopes For Improving Kidney Functions

Stem Cells

Apply Grants February 17, 2018 0

Stem Cells Raising Hopes For Improving Kidney Functions

The stem cells’ capability of self-renewal and differentiation has made it easier for medical persons, and clinical professionals to bring about different treatment options for many inexorable ailments. And this time, the magic of stem cells is weaving hopes for the patients suffering from the kidney diseases.

In a major breakthrough, the scientists at the University of Manchester have developed a functioning mini kidney. They developed it using stem cells within a living organism. It is exciting for the patients suffering the renal disease. The mini kidneys are capable of producing urine and acting as similar to the human kidneys. This is a big milestone in the treatment of kidney diseases. And that's why they could aid in multiplying the future treatment scopes for the patients one day.

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Kidney Ailment- A Major Health Issue

A large number of populations is suffering from the kidney ailments. The mortality rate of the kidney patients is reaching an unprecedented number every year. Due to the chronic kidney failure, the kidney cannot produce urine. When the disease worsens, the kidneys fail to filter excess wastes and excrete fluids out of the body. As a result, at the advanced age, the wastes build up in the system and impair the kidney functions. The impaired kidneys impact the normal functioning of urine, and advocates for relief. To relieve this problem, patients have to undergo dialysis.

According to the study, around two million people opt for kidney transplantation or dialysis. But, most patients cannot afford these treatments.

The mini-kidneys developed with the stem cells are raising a silver lining for the patients with kidney dysfunctions.

The Development Process of The Mini Kidney or Kidney Tissues

The embryonic stem cells were the key elements to develop the kidney glomeruli in the living organism. Scientists fragmented these cells into different microscopic kidney tissues. And they used cultural dishes to grow them. The pieces were mixed with a gel-like substance that functioned as connective tissues. And the clump was then injected under the skin of mice. After three months, the functional tissues of the kidney- nephrons had developed.

The discovery has seen the wonders of the medical sciences for the first time. The kidney of the mouse or the nephrons included all the major parts as similar as the human nephrons. The experimental mice’s nephrons comprised distal tubules, proximal tubules, Bowman’s capsules, and Loop of Henle. To nurture the new formation of the kidneys, minute blood vessels found in the human body developed as well.

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Major Hurdle To The Success

The kidneys of human have a large artery to flow the blood to the kidney. But, the newly developed functioning mini-kidneys in mice miss this feature. This is a major hurdle to bring about the true medical benefits to the patients with kidney ailments.

A fluorescent protein called dextran is capable of straining urine from the blood during the glomerular filtration process. So, scientists used dextran in the mice to examine the functionality of filtration and excretion of urine.

When the scientists tracked dextran, they saw that it was able to filtrate urine and excrete it.

So, there is no doubt about the new structures’ capability of filtration and excretion like kidney cells. However, it is still unclear how effectively the new structures function in the living organism.

Still, it leads to a hope to create more advanced treatments using the pluripotent stem cells.

Future Hopes

Humans have innumerable glomeruli in their kidneys. And, this new structure has breathed a life through a few hundred glomeruli. Of course, they showed a sign of hopes for the future treatments in kidney ailments. And the further development and research using this technique may advance the existing treatment options for kidney diseases.

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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy Transplant At The Rescue Of Acute Myelofibrosis

Stem Cell Transplant

Apply Grants February 04, 2018 1

Hematopoietic Stem Cell TherapyTransplant At The Rescue Of Acute Myelofibrosis

Stem cell therapy: Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) has all the powerful elements in its treatment procedures to offer better and curative treatment opportunities for patients suffering from acute Myelofibrosis. This is a rare kind of cancer, which prevents the growth of blood-producing cells, and destroys the existing and new cells more rapidly. And as a result, the bone marrow develops scars with the development of fibrous tissues within the bone marrow. So, with the occurrence of this disease, a series of health complications occur in the patients.

Health Complications of Acute Myelofibrosis

This type of leukemia belongs to the group of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. About 30,000 of the USA citizens are suffering from this disease when their blood begins overproducing the red blood cells. So, the cells cannot produce enough blood in the body, and the body tries to move the blood production to the spleen and liver. And as the bone marrow cannot perform well, it pressurizes the spleen and liver and enlarges them. The disease causes blood clots and extreme bleeding to the people with acute myelofibrosis.
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Other complications include weakness, fatigue, anemia, abdominal pain, low platelet counts and prevalence of infections.

People between 50 and 70 are at high risk of developing this disease.

Stem Cell Therapy Treatment Options for Acute Myelofibrosis

The treatment options depend on the symptoms and the intensity of the complications. There are different drugs used to treat this disease.

A drug called Ruxolitinib targets the inhibitors known as JAK2 and other associated mutants. The chemical compounds of the drug effectively work and restrict the functions of the mutant protein tyrosine kinase, which can be transformed and active in people with myelofibrosis.

There are other drugs too, such as danazol, thalidomide, and erythropoietin. The most effective and the curative treatment process seem to be the stem cell therapy transplant or the bone marrow transplant. However, a fewer number of patients can benefit from the transplant, which also involves treatment-related morbidity and mortality.

Image- Flickr.com

Varied Stem Cell Therapy Options for the Treatment of Myelofibrosis

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the major treatment choice for myelofibrosis. As older patients cannot stand the toxicity of the Full-Intensity Conditioning (FIC) because of its high rate of non-relapse mortality (NRM), healthy and young patients are not advised to opt for this option. This is the reason why Reduced-Intensity- Conditioning (RIC) provides much better treatment options for MF.

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Candidacy for RIC

Since Myelofibrosis is a disease of elderly people, and it triggers more risks associated with poor transplantation results. So, the determination to perform RIC prior to HSCT relies upon several variables such as - patients and disease-related parameters, performance capability, age, and complication biology as per the standard Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System or (DIPSS). The determination of the candidature for the RIP is based on the risk factors. They are as follows as below:

>65 years age
Hemoglobin count <10g/dL
White blood cell counts >25x109/L
Peripheral blood blasts ≥ 1% and
Constitutional signs

Patients with low or intermediate-1 risks factors may opt for the stem cell therapy transplant as per another scoring system, Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System, but they are not without any side effects. Certain mutations such as JAK2, MPL, and CALR cause the occurrences of primary myelofibrosis in the patients with low or intermediate-1 risk, cannot opt for the RIC. Contrary to it, patients with inhibitors or mutant proteins such as SRSF2 and ASXL1 require an instant transplant.

Eligibility of the Donor

The type of donor determines the survival rates for the patients. According to various studies, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), matched donor, preferably with siblings is the ideal donor type. It offers 75% of successful results for 2-year overall survival. It is followed by the matched unrelated donor. With this type of donor, the survival rate becomes weaker and 32% success rate is established for 2-year overall survival. And with the RIC, patients with matched donor transplant can survive for five years at a percentage of 56, matched unrelated donor survival rates is at 48%, while 34% of success rate is established for the mismatched unrelated donor type.

It is uncertain if the Splenomegaly offers any survival opportunities, prior to SCT. It leads to several health complications, including impairment of the liver functions.

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February 20, 2018

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant For Aplastic Anaemia